Universities opened their doors a week or two ago. Freshman students moved into their dorm rooms, met their roommates, hung pictures on the walls, and completed their class schedules.

     Most students want to do well, even just ok, at college, but not everyone does.  

     How well any student completes his or her mastery of course work at a college depends upon that student’s preparation, his or her readiness, his or her skill at reading and writing, plus his or her ambition, hustle, and drive.

     Yet, above all those variables, a person’s success at college depends upon his or her habits.

    Without steady, unswerving habits—studying for several hours everyday of the week—a very intelligent person with great reading and writing skills and sufficient preparation will fare poorly.

     Because success at college is often geared around examinations, a student should begin to prepare for each examination several days before, perhaps the day the class begins.

     A student, who builds that habit of preparing for an examination days before, will do ok.

     Still, few students ever feel great about their examination grade. Most are disappointed, believing that they should have performed better or should have received a better grade.

     In recent days, I have been re-reading William James’s fourth chapter, “Habit,” in his 1890 book, “The Principles of Psychology.”

     William James taught anatomy, psychology, and philosophy at Harvard College for thirty-four years, from 1872 until 1907, which means he gave a lot of examinations to a lot of students.

     At the chapter’s beginning, he writes,

     “When we look at [animals], the first thing that strikes us is that they are bundles of habits.

     “In wild animals, the usual round of daily behavior seems implanted at birth; in animals domesticated, and especially in man, it seems to a great extent, to be the result of education.”

     James is saying that parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, teachers, and adults must teach boys and girls the best, most civilized, of the habits, if the young are ever to learn them.

     James then quotes from a doctor named Dr. Carpenter, who said, “Our nervous system grows to the modes in which it has been exercised.”

     In other words, our minds in coordination with our bodies build habits by exercising our free will, forcing ourselves to do something again and again, until the habit is set, fixed. 

     James writes that “a habit simplifies the movements required to achieve a given result, makes them more accurate and diminishes fatigue.” In other words, once a person memorizes a sequence of actions—a, b, c, d, e, f, g, etc.—the outcome is superior and requires less effort.

     When I read James’s words here, I am reminded of the handful of hours I devoted to solving a Rubik’s cube the first time. The same is true of any procedure on the computer.

     Further into his chapter, he writes,

     “Habit is thus the enormous fly-wheel of society, its most precious conservative agent. It alone prevents the hardest and most repulsive walks of life from being deserted by those brought up to tread therein. It keeps the fisherman and the deck-hand at sea through the winter.

     “It holds the miner in his darkness.”

     In James’s final paragraph of the chapter, he cautions young people.

     “Could the young but realize how soon they will become mere walking bundles of habits, they would give more heed to their conduct while in the plastic [or malleable] state.

     “We are spinning our own fates, good or evil, and never to be undone. Every smaller stroke or virtue or of vice leaves its never so little scar.”

     I say to each college-bound student, “build the best habits you can now, today, at college.” 

Students will walk back into school soon and settle themselves into a small desk. Once seated, each girl and each boy will stare at a series of math story problems, or long pages of difficult-to-read text on science or history, plus the dreaded weekly compositions in English.

To those anxious students, I say, “Embrace those compositions. Do not let them intimidate you. Let your light shine. Present your opinions, your ideas, your humor. Lay aside your fear of ridicule from your peers. Show your intelligence. The better writers are the better thinkers.”

You can become a better writer, by thinking more and writing more. One expert on writing recommends writing two or three five-paragraph essays every day, and show your work.

Years ago the computer scientist and writer Paul Graham wrote an essay he entitled, “The Age of the Essay,” and at its beginning, he wrote, “The most obvious difference between real essays and the things one has to write in school is that real essays are not just about English literature.”

In other words, Graham says, write about some topic other than a commentary on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “A Scarlet Letter.”

An ambitious student who wants to write well can select from a mountain of books, each designed to improve a student’s essays.

From that mountain, I would first pick up William Zinsser’s two books: “On Writing Well,” and “Writing to Learn.” Zinsser was a long-time New York City columnist, plus an instructor of nonfiction writing at Yale University. Step-by-step he leads young and old writers forward.

Zinsser “claims that writing about a field of knowledge is the best way to immerse oneself in it and to make it one’s own.” He calls for “accuracy, brevity, and clarity.” He says, “Writing is thinking on paper. Anyone who thinks clearly should be able to write clearly about any subject.”

“Clear writing is the logical arrangement of thought. A scientist who thinks clearly can write as well as the best writer.”

In addition, I would recommend Stephen King’s book, “On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft.” Of all of King’s book, “On Writing” is most unique. He stops writing horror fiction long enough to describe his early years, growing up in Maine, and learning how and what to write.

Similar to King’s book is Isaac Asimov’s condensed biography, “It’s Been a Good Life.” In it he explains his work habits: seven days a week, from early in the morning until ten o’clock at night. Always writing. The result: over his lifetime Isaac Asimov published some 500 books.

The most pervasive of that mountain of books on writing is William Strunk and E. B. White’s “The Elements of Style.” Thousands of that slim volume fill up the shelves of used book stores.

Students may glance at “Elements of Style” once or twice when in school, but most lay it aside after the class ends, convinced that never again will they write anything.

Bill Benson, of Sterling, is a dedicated historian.

During the first World War, Henry Ford brought suit against the “Chicago Tribune,” because a reporter wrote that Ford was an “ignoramus.” At the trial, the newspaper’s attorneys peppered Ford with trivia questions, each designed to prove Ford’s ignorance.

To each question, Ford replied, “I do not know.”

Feeling exasperated, Ford said, “If I should wish to answer these foolish questions, I could call in men who could give me the correct answer. Now why should I fill my mind with useless details, when I have men who can supply me with all the facts I want?”

James Herriot, the English veterinarian, turned writer,” told a story of a simple guy in Darrowby, who displayed one unique and useful talent. He could imitate a fly.

When Herriot and a herdsman tried and failed to herd six cows into the farmer’s barn for a tuberculosis test, the herdsman called in the simple guy. He arrived on a bicycle and began to make a buzzing sound that the cows hated. Herriot said, “All the cows come running.”

The two stories above show how people drop into various slots: a capitalist, a reporter, an attorney, those who know trivia, those who do not, a veterinarian, a herdsman, and a simple guy who could imitate a fly.

As a woman or man strides through life, when busy assembling education, credentials, and experience, slots for various careers open and shut. A choice to focus upon one career means a multitudes of others close shut. That is the downside to specialization.

Shakespeare described this fact best. In “Julius Caesar,” Brutus tells Cassius,

“There is a tide in the affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Omitted, all the voyage of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea are we now afloat. And we must take the current when it serves, or lose our ventures.”

Some of my jobs: student, farm hand, teacher, coach, house painter, roofer, field scout, accountant, columnist, biographer, and sales. Teaching adolescents was the hardest job ever.

Mark Twain said, “I never had but two powerful ambitions. One was be a river boat pilot, and the other a preacher of the gospel. I accomplished the one, and failed in the other, because I could not supply myself with the necessary stock in trade, religion. I have given it up forever.”

How do people select the right person for a job? When people in the north in mid-nineteenth century came to understand that slavery was immoral, they looked to find someone to lead them in a fight against the white Southern slave-holders. The Northerners picked Abraham Lincoln.

Lincoln understood that if he hoped to change people’s thinking on slavery, he would have to join a political party. With a party’s collective power behind him, he could change the law.

He could seek to amend the Constitution. He could reorient the Supreme Court. He could abolish slavery. He could set free the enslaved, and eradicate the dreaded chains and whips.

Last Sunday, Democratic party officials asked Joe Biden to step aside, convinced that he could no longer fight the MAGA juggernaut. Party officials looked to Vice President Kamala Harris. A slot opened for her. They tagged her as the right person for the job.

The next day, she stated, “I was elected Attorney General in California. Before that I was a courtroom prosecutor. I took on perpetrators of all kinds.

“Predators who abused women. Fraudsters who ripped off consumers. Cheaters who broke the rules for their own gain. So hear me when I say I know Donald Trump’s type.”

In seven sentences, Harris declared her intentions. To run a Presidential campaign like a prosecuting attorney, to hold Trump accountable for his words and actions, to pin down his embellished and fabricated statements, and to demand truthful answers and responses.

“There is a tide in the affairs of men,” and women. Indeed, the tide rolls in for some, out for others. “We must take the current when it serves.” The current pulls some forward, others away. “On such a full sea are we now afloat.”

At the inception of America’s Revolutionary War against King George III and Parliament, certain Pennsylvania Quakers urged a policy of abolishment of slavery within their colony.

In 1775, a Quaker named Anthony Benezet founded the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, the first abolitionist society in America.

In May 1776, delegates at the Second Continental Congress, then meeting in Philadelphia, called for the creation of thirteen new state governments, and allow colonial governments to dissolve. By 1777, all thirteen had formed their own governments, without much opposition.

On March 1, 1780, Pennsylvania’s state government passed the Gradual Abolition Act, the first extensive abolitionist act ever in the states. Slaves born after that date would receive their freedom when they turned twenty-eight.

Thomas Paine was serving then as clerk to Pennsylvania’s legislature. He too was a Quaker and slavery disgusted him. He may have assisted in writing the Act’s Preamble.

“We conceive that it is our duty, and we rejoice that it is in our Power, to extend a Portion of that freedom to others, which hath been extended to us;

“And a Release from that State of Thraldom, to which we ourselves were tyrannically doomed, and from which we have now every Prospect of being delivered.

“It is not for us to enquire, why, in the Creation of Mankind, the inhabitants of the several parts of the Earth, were distinguished by a difference in Feature. It is sufficient to know that all are the Work of an Almighty Hand.”

The remainder of the northern states followed Pennsylvania’s lead by passing legislation that was either immediate or gradual emancipation, but none of the southern states.

In 1799, the state of New York passed a gradual abolition law, and in 1817, its members set the date for final emancipation for July 4, 1827.

On July 5, 1827, New York’s former slaves, some 4600 of them, celebrated Emancipation Day, their first day of freedom, with a parade down Broadway in New York City. Like Juneteenth in Texas, the fifth day of July bears special significance in the state of New York.

On September 4, 1838, a twenty-year-old runaway slave from Maryland, who took the name Frederick Douglass, arrived in New York City, now a destination city for slaves fleeing the south.

A staunch abolitionist, Douglass moved to Rochester, New York in 1847.

Members of Rochester’s “Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society” invited Frederick Douglass to speak in the city’s Corinthian Hall on July 4, 1852. He insisted upon July 5. Some 600 people arrived.

His speech’s title, “What to the American Slave is Your Fourth of July?”

“This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn.

“What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer; a day that reveals to him the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty is an unholy license; your national greatness is swelling vanity;

“Your sound of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants is brass fronted impudence; your shout of liberty and equality is hollow mockery.

“Your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanks-givings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy—a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages.

Throughout the speech, Douglass draws upon a rhetorical device called irony, the stark contrast between what people see on the surface and what lies underneath, hidden away.

July 4, Independence Day. July 5, Emancipation Day, both days to rejoice.